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The Formative Influences, Theories, and Campaigns of the Archduke Carl of Austria: (Contributions in Military Studies), by Lee W. Eysturli
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Archduke Carl of Austria lived during a time fractured by the collision of revolution and reaction, and he drew upon the French Revolution as the source for most of his experiences as a field commander and theoretician. He firmly believed that there were certain uncontradictable truths that governed warfare. This first English-language study of his theoretical writings offers a new perspective on understanding the mind of this military theorist through study of his intellectual background. The archduke's military career lasted from 1792 to 1809, and his serious work as a military theoretician and historian ranged from the 1790s to the 1830s.
Eysturlid explores Archduke Carl's formative military education and experiences by examining the readings that formed the basis of his education and the instructors that exercised an influence over him. Archduke Carl was a definite product of his Enlightenment education and a diehard proponent of limited warfare. Chapters look carefully at Carl's major works on military strategy and tactics and observe in detail his actions and efforts during the 1796 and 1809 campaigns. Two historiographical chapters provide valuable contextual material about this poorly understood historical figure.
- Sales Rank: #5272573 in Books
- Published on: 2000-08-30
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.02" h x .50" w x 5.98" l, .85 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 160 pages
Review
"The author obviously knows all there is to know about his subject's military career, and has given serious thought to the issues it raises."-The Journal of Military History
?The author obviously knows all there is to know about his subject's military career, and has given serious thought to the issues it raises.?-The Journal of Military History
About the Author
LEE W. EYSTURLID is an Instructor of History at The Indiana Academy at Ball State University. He is an advocate of teaching military history and of reestablishing that topic's necessary place in the instruction of history.
Most helpful customer reviews
7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
'A Modern Major General'
By Kevin F. Kiley
This is an outstanding and timely work about one of the best general officers in any army of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods. A thoughtful student of the art of war, as well as an outstanding troop leader and commander, Charles was the best of the Austrian senior commanders (though a cynic might state he was 'the best of a bad lot'), and he fought long and hard against the French, if he thought it wise at the time or not. He was also treated very shabbily by his brother, Emperor Francis, after the unsuccessful Campaign of 1809. He also holds the distinction of being one of the few commanders to have defeated Napoleon on the battlefield (Essling, 1809).
The author takes a common sense and somewhat novel approach to this study. He goes into Charles' intellectual background and influences, his training, and his writings. He also deftly explains what type of general Charles was. Charles, strategically, was an 18th century commander, and probably didn't have the 'killer instinct' of a true independent commander. Tactically, he was excellent, and his contribution to the reforms of the Austrian army up to 1809 are noteworthy in organization, tactics, and training. He had a lot to do with bringing the Austrian army to a peak of efficiency it probably had never had before (it is also noteworthy that the best Austrian performance of the period was probably as Napoleon's ally during the Russian campaign, from which Charles was notably absent, as he had been retired by his ingrate brother).
The meat of the book is the analysis of two campaigns that Charles fought-the 1796 campaign in Germany, and the Campaign of 1809, both watershed events (it should be noted that the author only covers the first half, the Ratisbon phase, of the Campaign of 1809 in depth).
The analysis of the 1796 campaign is masterful and, in my opinion, the best part of the book. Here the author demonstrates Charles' strategic thinking, and if contrasted with what Napoleon was doing and achieved in northern Italy at the same time, definitely sets the two commanders apart in the way they waged war. Charles is accurately portrayed as a careful, methodical commander and strategist, careful to protect his rear areas and line of communications, not taking calculated risks that might have ruined the French in Germany. His sometimes timid generalship, and the aggressive type of go-for-the-throat generalship displayed by Napoleon, clearly demonstrate Charles' strategic thought and that he might not have understood the new type of warfare as displayed by the French.
The thoughtful student might want to run a comparison of Charles' 1796 campaign with those of Napoleon in northern Italy during the same period. The difference in the two commanders becomes readily apparent. Charles waged a careful, calculated campaign that, while defeating his enemy, didn't destroy him or end the war. Napoleon defeated four Austrian armies in succession, in large part destroying them, especially at Rivoli in early 1797. When the two met in the next campaign, Napoleon was victorious and dictating peace terms to the Austrians literally at the gates of Vienna. Comparing these two types of generalship and strategic operations validates the author's opinion as expressed in this volume.
The chapter on 1809 is equally enlightening, clearly demonstrating that the author knows his subject manner. The book's references are impeccable, and clearly demonstrate the in-depth research that was undertaken to complete this study. It is one of the best books written on a neglected subject, and will be the standard for years to come. It is highly recommended for any student of the period, and it clearly refutes some of the more inane material that has been written on the subject in the last few years.
This volume is a keeper.
3 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Extensive and valuable work, but faulty analysis
By D. A. Hollins
It is perhaps rather unusual for only the second work in English about a major Continental personality from the Napoleonic period to look at a specific and rather intellectual aspect of the personality concerned - before even a full biography or campaign history has been published. Here Eysturlid (now a history lecturer at a US university) attempts to distil the extensive writings of the Archduke Charles into a brief, but systematic analysis of how he thought on military subjects. Given the lack of an existing biography, this author sensibly starts with a potted biography of the Archduke's life before diving into the intellectual, military and theological influences upon him, which produced a man of a very Catholic, conservative and Stopic outlook, resigned to acting as duty (and consequently his brother the Emperor) required. Then Eysturlid considers how these influences affected the Archduke's approach to tactics and then more extensively on strategy. It is perhaps hardly recognised today that the Archduke had a considerable standing in the early 19th century, although his reluctance to embrace total war meant that he was soon eclipsed by both Jomini (as the synthesis of Napoleonic warfare) and then Clausewitz (as the god of Prussian militarism and total war). That reputation was primarily based on the Archduke's work, Grundsätze der Strategie, which in two volumes drew the lessons of his victorious 1796 campaign in Germany and sought to create a mathematical system of strategy from it. In addition, Charles was the first to have defeated Napoleon at Aspern-Essling in 1809 and throughout the military reform period lasting for much of the first decade of the 19th century, Charles had overseen the publication of a series of regulations designed as handbooks for each level of the army. Eysturlid thus runs quickly over some tactical approaches before looking at greater length at Charles' views on strategy. Having looked at everyone from Tacitus to more contemporary authors such as Lloyd and the Archduke's mentor, Lindenau, in the Influences section, Eysturlid seeks to shoe-horn Charles' views into the 18th century structured approach to war, itself born of the scientific philosophy underlying he Enlightenment. This section unavoidably becomes rather technical, but this author pitches at a level which should make it possible for anyone familiar with basic concepts to follow. However, whilst the Archduke had a mathematical analysis when writing most of his own work post-1813, Eysturlid only hints at the wider influences on the Archduke. His great hero, Prince Eugen, victor over the Turks and French a century earlier, goes unmentioned - and yet after Aspern, Charles wrote "I have manoeuvred on this plain as against the Turks", a reference both to the formations used and the battle being fought over a river crossing as Eugen's great victory at Zenta had been. Eysturlid also hints at the major limitation on the Archduke - Austria was militarily weak and could not mobilise its resources as France was doing. The Empire was on the defensive to retain its existing position. Contrary to the popular view, the Archduke understood total war, that Austria could not halt it by warfare and that it could only have one of two outcomes. It is something the world abandoned after 1945, yet even very recent authors seem to think that anyone in the Napoleonic period who did not undertake total war was somehow antiquated.
Eysturlid acknowledges the significant influence of the Austrian historian, Dr Rauchensteiner and the well-known author, Dr Gunther Rothenberg. Both are revisionists to the perhaps over-patriotic image of the Archduke portrayed by authors around 1900 such as Criste, Angeli and John. Nevertheless, in taking their version of the world, Eysturlid (along with the other modern authors he mentions - plus enthusiasts such as the previous reviewer) has failed to grasp two key background areas of this subject. The first is the world in which Charles was living. The second is that Charles was a physically weak man and thus tended to delegate as much as possible - the development of the new regulations and the concepts in the Beiträge manuals for junior officers certainly bore his name, but they are not direct reflections of his own tactical thinking. (Most of the Beiträge were in fact issued after Charles fell from office). As the Archduke wrote "I am not a drill master, but I can see when something is going wrong". Whilst Eysturlid acknowledges the influence of Lindenau in Grundsätze der höheren Kriegskunst (written for the senior commanders), he rather misses the claims of Mayer to part-authorship and the presence of the manuscript among Mayer's papers.
The most frequent contradictory claim made by many modern authors has been that in producing a series of works as instruction for the army, Charles was somehow seeking to restrict his commanders to a set of rules and remove initiative. This sits strangely alongside the modern use of operational manuals in all organisations, civilian and military. You can only teach a subject in a structured way, but the Archduke's end intention was best summed up in his comment that his intention with the formalised corps system was that his commanders would know what he wanted just from the look on his face. Delegation was quite normal for Charles and indeed the whole Austrian army - but this is a point missed by many recent authors too. The Austrian army was well in its development of the chief of the staff as the key support to the CinC - Charles had several throughout his campaigns from the very able pairing of Schmitt & Mayer in 1796 to the incompetent Prochaska in April 1809. It was Schmitt and Mayer who devised the 1796 campaign plan; Mayer had created the initial plan for the advance from Bohemia in 1809, but was brushed aside by the Court, who forced Prochaska and a serious change of plan on Charles. Thus, Eysturlid has used an incorrect anaylsis - he confuses the actions in the 1796 campaign with the Archduke's analysis written nearly 20 years later. In his book, Charles was trying to make sense of the campaign with hindsight - but that is very different from the actual thinking which drove the campaign at the time.
An interesting work, which contributes quite a lot to what will hopefully be a growing debate about the main leaders in the run-up to 2009 in particular. Unfortunately, its price will be something of a deterrent to many buyers. Well worth a read, bearing in mind its limitations.
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